THE ETHICAL IMPLICATION OF UNEMPLOYMENT FOR NIGERIANS

 BY

Rev. Tamunoibi. R.  Miller 

revtr.miller@yahoo.com; revrandymiller@gmail.com

INTRODUCTION

Unemployment is a global phenomenon but is a serious problem facing Nigeria. It is a serious economic and social issue that has plagued Nigeria. Many other nations have either gone through similar situation or presently going through the same situation. Every country with the understanding of their peculiarities also deals with the situation to reduce as much as possible the rate of unemployment. It is not out of place to observe that despite the fact that it a global phenomenon, the developing nations like Nigeria face more serious job challenge and widespread decent work deficits, a development that is capable of increasing the spread of poverty.  

          Ethics either at the personal and social levels deals with obligation to duty, the communal values and interpersonal relationship, the individuals behaviour and actions are in relation  to the issues or challenges. Unemployment is not only a serious economic issue but has ethical implications that affect not only those who are in the web but also others. In other words, it has direct or indirect effect on all. The rapid rise in the country’s unemployment rate has become a source of concern. A lot of school leavers and employable adults today finds it difficult to secure employment or are laid off work for some reasons. The issue is no longer the desire to go to school, graduate or learn trade but how to face the reality of the challenge of joining the brigade of the unemployed with little hope of a bright future. The case of Nigeria has become that which is described as “endemic disease”.

          The ethical implication is clearly evident in the sense that the government has developed cold feet to putting in place and enforcing policy on employment. There is therefore an obvious effect that is been manifested in the different areas of our national life. The Nigerian Government needs to re-think its policy on employment. There is need to cue into the global pattern on employment.

This work intends to consider some of the causes that have led to the rising state of unemployment in the country. It assesses the effect as well as the various responses to the situation.

          What is Unemployment: Unemployment is a very complex phenomenon that defiles any known standard definition. Instead, various countries adopt definitions that snit their local priorities. In broad term, unemployment denotes a condition of joblessness or where there is no employment. It implies that one is fit and also available but could not get any job.

          Fajana (2000), and Standing (1983) describes unemployment as “the state of worklessness experienced by persons who are members of the labour force who perceived themselves and are perceived by others as capable of work”. The fact that an individual is not gainfully employed either by the public or private sector will not be the only basis of the perception of unemployment. There is also the dimension of entrepreneurship that will enhance self-employment. In this sense, the perspective of the international labour organization (ILO) on unemployment needs to be considered. The ILO considers the unemployed population as persons above a specified age who are available to, but did not, furnish the supply of labour for the production of goods and service . it relates to all persons who are not in employment who would have accepted a suitable job or stated an enterprise during a given period of reference if the opportunity arose, and who had actively looked for ways to obtain job or state an enterprise in the near past.

          The international labour organization ‘s approach of labour force framework” classifies the working age population into three mutually exclusive and exclusive categories which are the employed unemployed and not of the labour force. The definition of unemployment no matter the angle it is considered from satisfies three basic criteria . these are; “without work”, i.e. not in paid employment or self-employment ; “currently available for work” i.e. available for paid employment or self-employment during the reference period  and “seeking work” i.e. had taken specific steps in a specified recent period to seek paid employment or self-employment . Unemployment it is therefore obvious is a condition where an individual or individuals seeking jobs cannot manage to get themselves economically employed by others or self (Adesina, 2013 http://www.ijhesent.com/journals/vol3-N07_April2013/17.pdf accessed28/08/2016).

TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT

          There are different types of unemployment that are been identified by different scholars. A close look reveals that these are also experienced in Nigeria. These are:

Structural Unemployment: This is a situation where there is a change in the structure of an industry or the economic activities of the country. There could be change of taste or because technology has outmoded and the product or service is no longer in demand, where there is deficiency  of capital resources in relation to their labour market and a mismatch of skilled workers and occupational vacancies in the labour market. Difficulty of moving to new locations, difficulty of learning new skill and change in technological operations that need less labour force could be some of the reasons for this type of unemployment.

          Frictional Unemployment: This could be considered a temporary condition but is when an individual is out of his current job and is in search of another. This could be not the making of the individual but warranted by a situation where the jobs exist but the workers are unfit to fill the positions because they lacked the necessary skills or lacked the information and knowledge of the existence of such jobs. It could as well due to lack of raw materials  or break down of machinery.

          Seasonal Unemployment: This type occurs due to changes in industrial activities. The changes could be due to climate change, change in fashion. In Nigeria for instance an industry that deals on ice, block will experience a serious drop of demand at the rainy season.

Cyclical Unemployment: This type also known as Keynesian unemployment is due to economic recession. In a downturned economy, the aggregate demands for goods and services decreases and demand for labour decreases as well. During such time of economic depression, business activity is at low ebb and unemployment increases because unskilled labourers will be out of job. Some people are laid off because the profit margin has dropped drastically. This case is typical of the Nigeria  experience  where may bank workers were thrown out of employment because as a mono economy country, there was a serious drop in the price of oil added with the reduced production due to oil theft, bunker and vandalism by some individuals.

Residual Unemployment: This is due to some obvious circumstance that could not allow the individual, opportunity to work. Factors such as old age, physical and mental disability, poor work attitude and inadequate training  can be accordable for such  unemployment condition.

Voluntary Unemployment: This occurs when individuals insist  of some particular type of jobs. They may consider the reward in the crusting or available job and feel it does not worth it. Some can consider their family size, their academic qualification, the cost of transportation as compared  to the monthly wage. Such persons would remain unemployed until they find job they consider more rewarding.

Disguised Unemployment: In this type, labour is short of paid work or where one is not doing work that makes full use of his skills and abilities. This could be determined by the number of hours worked per week. It could also be a situation rationed work method along low skilled workers and causal labours. (Adesina, 2013 Unemployment and security challenges in Nigeria www.Ijhssent.com/JournalsVol3,N07-April2013/17.pdf accessed29/08/2016).

CAUSES OF INCREASED UNEMPLOYMENT.

There are several factors that are responsible for the increased unemployment level in Nigeria. This is in spite of the massive oil wealth that Nigeria has been known for. Some of the factors are;

a.        Sustained level of Corruption: In the 1970s when Nigeria experience oil boom, the country experienced a robust economy. Soon after, because there was improper planning for the future  of the country, from the 1980s, 1990s, and even to this decade, there has been an overall hostility to economic growth and development. There has been high level of corruption, mismanagement of public funds, harsh economic policies that has may be described as sporadic and systemic or endemic corruption in Nigeria that has impacted both the national and individual development.

          The sporadic corruption has a devastating power that diminishes morale and create inequality among the people. It cripples the social and economic system. In the words of Igwe (2010:90), it has the capacity to “threaten the economy of  a country, dampen  the morale, and saps the resources of the society”.

          Alluding to this fact, Onyiloha (2014:14) observed that “Nigeria is presently suffering from systemic corruption which manifests itself in a near decay of social infrastructure  as well as a meteoric rise in a number of corrupt persons in the country, across all fields.  This high level of corruption that has manifested in low economic activity and investment rates, have generated scarcity of jobs.  Even when hiring is based on experience and education, the upportunities are not made available for people.

b.       Government Policy: This is another area that has contributed greatly to the high rate of unemployment in the country. One would ask what aspect of government policy?. What is in consideration here is high rate of interest given out by banks, over taxation on services. In most developing countries, when there is economic recession as is the case in Nigeria, one way they have tackled the issue is to reduce the bank interest rate. This will enable the business sector bounce back to business. However, this is not so in Nigerian, in the face of the economic recession, the high interest rate has discouraged the business sector. The result of effect is that when most companies are not of business, the rate of unemployment increases. The aviation industry in Nigeria at present has laid off many of their workers because of such government policies that are not friendly for the business to strive.

          Again, government at local and state levels does not give small scale business people breathing space. They impose multiple and over taxation and introduces unreasonable levies with constant molestation and harassment by touts and thugs who extorts money from people on daily basis and yet there are no developments to justify such payments. This has not encouraged business which ordinarily is expected to enhance employment.

c.        Operating a Consuming Economy. It is amazing that up till today, Nigeria as a country is still a mono-economy nation. Our over dependence on oil and inability to effectively implore the dividend in other areas of the economy has also increased the unemployment rate. There was a high marked misplacement of value system. Uche (2006: 246) observed that “a value system that encourages tainted, corrupt and illegal practices will create dishonesty, free-rider mentality, disobedience to law and order as well as inept leadership that misappropriate public funds and create problems of development .

          Globalization by its nation implies free movement  of goods and ideas between and across borders, trade liberalization, greater and speedier returns and repatriation of profits from quick yielding investments from the developing to the developed nations. The situation so far is that the developed nations are productive. The activities of the various industries enhance production but Nigeria since it is a consuming country does not create the right opportunity and environment to attract industries. Whatever that the developed nations produce in dumped on us as consuming nation. It is obvious that it is the presence of the industries that will create employment and because we import even took pick, our people are not employed.

          The effect of globalization have intensified unemployment rate in Africa. Awowole (2007) observed that not current unemployment rate in Africa is 10.3 percent compared to global average  of  6.3 percent in 2006. To reduce Africa’s unemployment rate to the world average of 6.3 percent by 2015 will require an increase in employment of about 11 million per year. The deadline for achieving the millennium development goals aimed at reducing poverty  by half is not even succeeding.  Succession governments in Nigeria have not had adequate policies to accommodate  the employment of school leavers not to talk of the entire able bodied population in which the urge for migration is  most felt.

d.       Rapid Population Growth: Nigeria population has been on an conslost increase. The 2006 census puts Nigeria’s population at 140,431,790 and projections for the future indicate that the population could be over 180 million by the year 2010, given the annual growth rate of 3.2 percentage (National population commission ICF Macro, 2009:3). This accelerated growth in population has added to the unemployment problem. The supply is affected. There is a high and rapid increase in the labour force relative to the absorptive  capacity of the economy.

          The poor educational system with its inappropriate school curricula and lack of unemployment in the country add to the problem. It has been noted that the average Nigerian graduate does  not possess the skills needed by the employers of labour for a formal employment and could therefore be said to be unemployable. The general view and complaints of employers is that graduates  are poorly prepared for work. Our university graduates are commonly viewed as “half baked” (Gbosi 2005).

          Again, there had been some instances where some individuals have stood out to be exceptional. When such skills are identified in individuals, there is the need for the government or private firms to be interested in such individuals and encourage  them to enhance  better productivity. But this is not in most cases the situation there is either ethnic dichotomy or “god fatherism syndrome” that will kill such skills.

e.        Lack of Enabling Investment Environment :

Nigeria no doubt is positioned for huge and good investment. This is an advantage that would have attracted international investors to enhance employment rate. However, the enabling environment has not been provided for external investor. One major limitation is that  power supply is epileptic. When investors consider the cost of providing power for their operations, they will become discouraged. But when they do also come, they may not employ the required number so as to meet up.

          Nigeria’s security challenges in recent times have added to not only productivity in Nigerian’s only viable economic area which is the oil industry; but has also threatened foreign investors. There is a rise in armed robbery, Kidnapping, insurgency by the Niger Delta (the Avengers), and the Boko Haram in the Northern part of the country.  Many expatriates have been kidnapped at one point or the other. Some were delivered on payment of huge ransoms and some died in the process. The general state of insecurity  in the country is sending a wrong signal to the international community about traveling to Nigeria. For instance, in 2012, 12^th January  there was a released of the U.S. Deportment  state  (Burean of consular Affairs) warning its citizens of the avoidable risk involved in travelling to some parts of Nigeria. If this was in 2012 and in 2016 today there are still same, then we can imagine how this will affect investors which will also reflect on unemployment.

f.        Decline of the Manufacturing Sector: Nigeria lacked a vibrant manufacturing sector. It is this sector that would have been able to employ many unemployed youths. The industries in Nigeria are gradually declining. Infact, the government owned industries in most cases will not be able to remain in business for long. This may be due to the wrong attitude of “it is government property, so whether we work or not, we shall be paid or at most we shall be deployed to another area”. This poor attitude will not enhance increased productivity and possible expansion to enable the employment of others. The infrastructures on the other hand may not be maintained. An even when huge sum of money is released by the government, due to lack of good monitoring system, the money will go into individual pockets and the situation will still be the same. Most of the operating firms are classified as “ailing”. In the analysis of Okafor (2011) as given by the Manufacturing Association of Nigeria (MAN), in January 2010, 834 figure represents the cumulative aggregate of firms that have shut down their operations. The MAN survey usually covers five manufacturing enclaves, into which the country is divided, in terms of manufacturing activities. These include the Lagos, Northern, South-East, South-South, and South-West areas. The report shows a total number of 176 firms became terminally sick and collapsed in the Northern area. In the South-East area, a total of 178 companies were shut down. While in the South-South area, 46 companies shut down operations. The South-West area lost 225 companies and in Lagos area the figure was 214 manufacturing firms. If in 2010 we had this report one can imagine how frightening it will be today with the economic down turn, increase in the fuel price, poorer power supply, the Boko Haram insurgency in the North, and the warning given by the Avengers militant group in the South-South for multinational companies to leave the place or continue to experience vandalization,  and kidnapping. Nigeria is not near out of the economic recession. Infact, the present government has not put in place any visible and practical policies to diversify the economy. The Pouch Papers reports that Nigeria is losing one million barrels of oil daily, and the  recession will likely remain till the year 2020 (Punch Paper, wed, 7^th Sept, 2016).

(f)       Cost of Running Government in Nigeria:

Government is  to help reduce the problems of the subjects, but in Nigeria, Government has become one of the biggest problem. Elected or appointed individuals sometimes create unnecessary offices and the government will still sponsor these offices. In an interview at African Independent Television (AIT) in the month of July, 2016 there was a clear analysis of the robust salary and allowances that the legislators receive in Nigeria. There was an amazing remark in the process that “what one legislator receives per month is enough to pay ten teachers”. If this is anything to go by, how will many of the citizens not suffer in poverty when they do not even have opportunity to earn the minimum wage.

          As if this was not enough, governors and their assistance are placed on pension for serving the nation as politicians for four or eight years as the case may be. The table below is an example of state pension package for Ex-Governor and Deputies.

100 percent of Annual Basic salaries for Ex-Governor and Deputy.

One Presidential House for Former Governor “Anywhere of His Choice in Nigeria”.

One Presidential House anywhere in Rivers for the Deputy, three cars for the Ex-Governor every four years, two cars for the Deputy every four years.

Furniture is 300 percent of Annual Basic salary every four years. House maintenance is 10 percent of Annual Basic Salary.

Presented in an interview in AIT Television Station, 2016.

Incidentally, those who have labored for the Government with the whole of their useful years and now retired are not paid their little pensions due them monthly.

ETHNICAL IMPLICATIONS OF UNEMPLOYMENT

          In the consideration of the ethnical implication of unemployment for Nigerians, it is essential to  bring to bear the fundamental economic eights. It emphasizes that the individual has the right to the use of material goods; he has the right to and of work; the right to just and adequate remuneration for his labour and the right to posses and own property. There is the usual   notion that God left no person a destitute in creating him. This is applicable in the sense that God the Author of nature and the natural needs of man has not left him without the means for the satisfaction of these needs. The creator has given all without expectation the faculty to reach out to Create material goods which he has destined for the use of all without exception, and for the decent sustenance of all without discrimination. There lies the essential significance of the right to the use of material goods. In his Encyclical Letter “Sertum Lactitiae” Pius X11 notes;

“Every man as a living being gifted with reasons, has in fact from nature the fundamental  right to make use of the material goods of the earth; while it is left to the will of man and to the juridical statutes of nations to regulate in greater detail the actuation of this right. This individual right cannot in anyway be suppressed, even by other clear and undisputed rights over material goods.

To Work is Noble: By work have we mean “any activity of man or rather any human activity for the conservation and development of man and his welfare” (Onofri, 1966, 131). Work in the view of Dussel (1988,115), is considered “as human act set in motion in other to bring into existence some useful object that was previously non-existent or otherwise not at hand”. The dignity, prerogatives and inevitable  aspects of labour is considered as drivel ordained necessary means of human development and the only way  to ensure that the star of peace shines  on society.

Work is personal and Human: First, work is a personal enterprise; means man as a person is engaged in it. It is personal in the sense that the world is human person in all its aspect is involved in his work. His bodily faculties, his intellectual powers, his energies and initiatives, and his sense of responsibility, all these are employed in human labour.

          Again, by virture of this personal aspect, human labour has psycho-moral dimension, for it is a conscientious and conscious free act carrying with its responsibility. It is the activity of a human person who in his action is governed by moral norms. As a consequence, the worth of man’s labour must not be measured in a materialistic manner but in conformity with the moral nature and dignity of man

The Dignity of Work

Human dignity is another yardstick in the evaluation of this unemployment issue. Dignity is inherent in every human person. It is concerned with the respect for human personhood. Human dignity is sacred since humans themselves are sacred having assumed the Imago Dei. Respect for the human person is unconditionally imperative. It is the act of regarding and treating each human person fully as a person on its own right. When a person has thus done all that needed to be done with the ambits of the law and could not still find job to keep his family, his person seem to be disregarded. The person must not be regarded as means to achieve the ends of others.(Iroegbu, 2000, 220).

          Immanuel Kant, a proponent of human dignity, has always argued that there is need for humans to preserve and protect the dignity of human person (Kant, 1959). His view is that human dignity is rooted in his principle of “categorical imperative” which he contrasts with hypothetical imperative posited that human dignity is internalized in humans, well deserved, and not bestowed. For Kant, “hypothetical imperatives” are conditional commands that we have reason to if they serve some desires of ourselves. He considers all imperatives with the exception of the supreme principle of morality as hypothetical in nature. On the other hand, a “categorical imperative” is a command that applies to all rational beings independent of their desires. Kant’s  principle offer three ethical principles.

1. Never act in such a way that I could not also will that my maxim be a universal law.
2. Act in such a way that you treat humanity, whether in your person or in that of others, as an end and never as a means only
3. Act in a manner that you will regard itself at the same time as making universal law through its maxim.

In Nigerian society, those who are privileged continue to treat others as if they are inhuman. Even when jobs are available, they are either not advertized, or it must be only through a powerful recommendation from one considered to be a ‘godfather’. Those who do not have such persons are therefore neglected and are not given a place to demonstrate their skills even when considered qualified. Nigeria is a place where we have “the right peg in a wrong whole” simply because there is someone behind the scene speaking for the person.

Man it must be understood is a relational being who finds fulfillment of his existence in relation to God, with self, with the physical and spiritual world as well as with fellow  human. Man relates with nature essentially through work.   Comblim, (1990:159) observes that “human beings are made for a life of communion with the material world, and the basic mode of this communion is work” The institution of work is undeniably one of the chief integrators of persons in our society. It orients our lives, it organizes out time, it puts us in touch with people. To be unemployed is to be afflicted with a kind of social leprosy. Yet many in Nigeria are denied the opportunity to be gainfully employed.

From the Renaissance period God who is the All-Powerful creator of the universe is also a cosmic craftsman, who, in an impressive display of wisdom and power, brought the entire universe into existence. To be created in the Image of God meant not only possessing an intellect, but hands as well, so that what  was envisaged by mind could be ushered into reality by the formative powers of the body. This necessitates human industry and the development of creative capacity whereby humankind not only contemplates the idea of beauty,  but as artists who both contemplates the idea and shapes the world accordingly through work.

 The understanding is thus, through work, we respond to God’s mandate to humanity to continue the work of creation by subduing the earth. We also realize ourselves as Image bearers creature activity, through work we follow Christ in His example of redemption and through work we serve God and others. An important fact that must be noted is that that work is significant for human economic, social as well as spiritual existence. Economically, man works to transform the nature so as to meet his basic physical and material needs. Work provides the basic needs of human life- food, clothing and shelter. It is the ordinary way for human beings to satisfy their material needs (Oldham, 1970:51-52).

SUGGESTED WAYS OF OVERCOMING THE PROBLEM.

Though the problem is enormous, the unemployment rate can reduce if the following things can be done.

1. Sustained Fight Against Corruption: No doubt there has been many policies from 1980s by successive governments with the aim of curbing corruption in Nigeria. Some of these programmes are War Against Indiscipline (WAI), War against Indiscipline and Corruption (WAIC), the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices (ICPC). Today some of these programmes have gone into oblivion.. It is the EFCC and ICPC that is presently in operation. There is the need for subsequent government after Buhari’s administration to be consistent in the fight against corruption. This will gradually check the level of fraud, stealing or embezzlement of government funds that is meant for the masses. Proper use of the nation’s income will bring about increased and better infrastructure. Government can also plan well with the resources thereby improving the social life of the people as well as create employment opportunities for the citizens. Onyiloha (2014:90) notes that to overcome the systemic corruption in Nigeria, there is need for “self-introspection, self-awareness, self-esteem, self-fulfillment and a sense of ethics among Nigerians….When ethical paradigm of the constant and conscious correspondence between good intention and right act takes place in Nigeria as well as elsewhere, Nigerians and other nationals shall win the war against corruption”. 
2. Putting in Place Good and Workable Policies: Government policies that are consistent and workable should be put in place to overcome the unemployment problem. At such a time of economic recession, the banks should be made to give out loans with little or no interest. Over taxation and the incessant molestation and harassment by either the state or local government authorities should be checked to enhance and encourage small scale businesses to bounce back again. This can give room for employment to take place either at the public or private level.

Government at all levels in the country should create more employment opportunities to address the unemployment problem. This should be done with proper planning with the aim of sustaining it. Some Governments launched employment programmes and at the end of the day could not pay the workers for many months. The private sector and non-governmental organizations should be engaged to create more jobs to accommodate the unemployed without unnecessary requirement of previous years of service. Those who are employed should be trained on the job which is requires in every sector that must do well.

• Diversification of Nigerian Economy: The many years of operating mono-economy has not paid us as a country. There is need for diversification of the country’s economy. There are many other natural resources that we have refused to explore. Nigeria was known of our groundnut pyramids in the North, the Cocoa business in the South-West. Other mineral resources should be discovered and the country should venture into other areas like agriculture in a mechanized way, tourism and entertainment. The truth is that until the nation become a producing nation, there will not be good room for a robust employment system.
• Enabling Environment: Business cannot strive in a harsh and unfriendly environment. The government should not romance with criminals but must seriously fight the insurgencies at the different parts of the country with all seriousness. When there is peace, and improved infrastructure, investors can be attracted to the country. This in turn will enhance employment.

CONCLUSION

          The desire of every country is the well being of her citizens. The protection of the lives and properties and the provision of enabling environment have been of paramount interest to the government of Nigeria. This if pursued in the right direction and properly  will guarantee both internal and external investors. There are lots of Nigerians who are doing well in different fields outside of the country. They need to be encouraged to come over to their country and invest. There is need for bail out of some of the companies that are not meeting up with production because of the overbearing increase in the dollar rate as against the Nigerian naira. Again, the cost of governance can be evaluated and some of the unnecessary allowances and the bogus salaries by our legislators reevaluated in the light of the recession. In all, there must be discipline at all levels from the leaders to the led. 

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